Utilitarianism, a outcome-based theory of ethics created by philosophers Jeremy Bentham and Mill, posits that the optimal action is the one that increases overall happiness or joy. Central to this ethical theory is the "Principle of Greatest Happiness," which asserts that deeds are justified if they enhance well-being and wrong if they cause the opposite. The utilitarian approach evaluates the ethical value of an action based on its result, making it a realistic approach to ethical decisions.

This school of thought challenges classic moral frameworks that focus on responsibilities or rules, rather supporting a flexible approach that takes into account the outcomes of actions. Advocates of utilitarianism argue that by focusing on the highest well-being for the greatest number, the community can reach a higher overall level of well-being. This concept has been implemented in multiple domains, including economics, political science, and government policy, affecting decisions that aim to enhance public well-being and diminish suffering.

Utilitarianism also tackles the investment philosophy challenges of assessing and weighing well-being. Critics argue that it can be challenging to measure happiness and that this method may ignore the dignity and value of people. Nevertheless, advocates maintain that utilitarianism provides a clear and objective way for assessing ethical problems, encouraging a more humane and realistic view to moral decision-making. By prioritizing the consequences of decisions and striving to enhance overall well-being, the utilitarian philosophy presents a persuasive framework for attaining a equitable and balanced community.